A comparative evaluation of oral health status among institutionalized totally blind children using different methods – A randomized clinical trial

Abstract

Backgrownd: To compare and evaluate the oral hygiene status among institutionalized visually impaired
children using the Verbal, Braille, and Audio‑Tactile method.
Materials and Methods: The present study was a single‑blinded, randomized clinical trial with a
total of 96 visually impaired children both male and female, aged 6–16 years old were included in
this study from a residential school for blind. They were divided into three groups: Group 1 − Verbal
method, Group 2 − Braille method, and Group 3 − Audio‑Tactile method. Baseline oral hygiene
scores were recorded using the debris index, calculus index, gingival index and hand scaling was
performed for all the children. Fone’s brushing technique was taught to all the groups and fluoridated
toothpaste was given to the children with 3 and 6 months of follow‑up. Periodic reinforcement of
oral hygiene instructions was done for each group. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed
using the ANOVA test with (P < 0.01).
Results: There was significant improvement in debris index, gingival index, and calculus index in all
the three groups by the end of 6 months. All the three indices showed improvement in oral hygiene.
Conclusion: Visually impaired children could maintain a respectable level of oral hygiene when
taught specialized methods. However, periodic reinforcement is mandatory for good oral hygiene
maintenance. Hence, it is recommended to use the combination of Verbal, Braille, and Audio‑Tactile
method for the best treatment outcomes in these special children.
Key Words: Blindness, oral hygiene, positive reinforcement, questionnaire