Cytotoxicity of dental ceramic materials on human gingival fibroblasts

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of new computer‑aided design/computer‑aided
manufacturing all‑ceramic materials on the viability and adhesion properties of human gingival
fibroblasts (HGFs).
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the proliferation and adhesion potential
of the cells were evaluated by seeding the HGF cells on rectangular samples (n = 18 for
each group). The studied groups were tetragonal zirconia (TZr), cubic zirconia (CZr), lithium
disilicate (LDS), zirconia‑reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS), and hybrid ceramic (HyC) (n = 6
for each studied time). The cell viability (3‑[4,5‑Dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl]‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium
bromide) assay was conducted at determined times (24 h, 72 h, and 168 h) to evaluate the
cell proliferation. Subsequently, the cultured cells were processed for scanning electron
microscope (SEM) observation at each time interval. The surface roughness and wettability
of studied ceramics were assessed using a surface profilometer and water contact angle.
Differences in the cellular viability, surface roughness (Ra), and wet ability (wetting angle)
of studied groups were compared by one‑way analysis of variance and the Tukey multiple
comparisons test (á = 0.05).
Results: The highest percentage of cell viability after 24 h, 72 h, and 168 h cultures was related
to ZLS, LDS, and CZr, respectively. The lowest proliferation of fibroblast cells was shown in
ZLS compared to other groups. SEM analysis showed that the CZr and LDS groups have better
adhesion patterns and morphology. The surface of HyC groups was significantly less rough
than other groups. Regarding the water wetting angle (wettability), the TZr and CZr showed
significantly larger angles.
Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, it can be concluded that CZr and LDS ceramics
had better adhesion patterns and typical morphology. On the other hand, zirconia with a larger
wetting angle can reduce the chance of bacteria adhesion to the surface.
Key Words: Ceramics, dental materials/toxicity, fibroblasts/drug effects, gingiva/drug effects

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