Effects of nanoparticles on the mechanical and physical properties of maxillofacial silicones: A literature review

Abstract

Background: Since the 1960s, silicone has been the material of choice for maxillofacial prostheses
due to its biocompatibility and favorable mechanical properties. However, reduced strength, color
instability, and susceptibility to ultraviolet and oxygen degradation limit its longevity. Nanoparticles
such as titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), SiO2, and ZrO2, have been introduced to enhance
silicone’s resistance to environmental stress, abrasion, and photodegradation.
Materials and Methods: This systematic review assessed the influence of nanoparticles on
the properties of maxillofacial silicones. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus,
Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. Eligible studies included systematic reviews
and meta‑analyses published in the past decade, focusing on the effect of nanoparticles on the
mechanical and physical performance of silicones. Data were analyzed according to nanoparticle
type and reported outcomes.
Results: Six categories of nanoparticles were identified across the reviewed studies. The most
frequently examined were TiO2, ZnO, SiO2, and ZrO2, while others included ZrSiO4, TiSiO4, Ag‑Zn
Zeolite, and Al2O3. Findings demonstrated improvements in tensile strength, hardness, flexibility,
compressive resistance, and color stability. Nanoparticles also enhanced resistance to aging and
environmental changes, while some (e.g., Ag‑Zn Zeolite) provided antimicrobial effects.
Conclusion: Incorporating nanoparticles into maxillofacial silicones considerably enhances their
mechanical, physical, and biological properties.
Key Words: Maxillofacial silicones, mechanical properties, nanoparticles, physical properties

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Shima Firouzi: Pubmed,Google Scholar